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In duplicate bridge, a board is an item of equipment that holds one deal, or one deck of 52 cards distributed in four hands of 13 cards each. The design permits the entire deal of four hands to be passed, carried or stacked securely with the cards hidden from view in four pockets. This is required for duplicate bridge tournaments, where the same deal is played several times and so the composition of each hand must be preserved during and after each play of each deal. Each board is usually marked with the following information: board number – (usually in the sequence '1' to '32') identifies the deal and helps to order the play of multiple deals; compass directions – used to match the four hands to the four players at a table; dealer – designates which player is the "dealer"; this designates the player who is to make the first call of the auction; vulnerability – often represented by color code: a "vulnerable" partnership is usually shown in red and a "not vulnerable" partnership in green, white or no color. Most designs include a slot or pocket to hold a paper travelling score sheet. Colloquially, the term ''board'' may refer to one deal plus its bidding and play. When bridge is played online, there are no physical boards, nor physical cards, but the software emulates all of the features of duplicate boards and the unit of the game is commonly called a board. ==History== First used in duplicate whist in the 1890s, the devices were called ''duplicate whist trays''. Since the first〔The first US patent was No. 462,448 issued to Cassius M. Paine of Milwaukee, Wisconsin and James Sebring of Kalamazoo, Michigan in November 1891 for a square shaped tray.〕 in November 1891, numerous patents〔United States Patent and Trademark Office Patent Numbers include: 462448, 464469, 514302, 521302, 525941, 535920, 536198, 548185, 548255, 549614, 555903, 561062, 564225, 597122, 606121, 616433, 645697, 657737, 542748, 675295, 742730.〕 have been registered incorporating a variety of shapes, sizes and materials and having various means of inserting and retaining the cards in place in the trays or ''apparatus'', as they were often referred to in the patent description. Amongst the earliest versions were those manufactured by Ihling Brothers & Everard of Kalamazoo, Michigan〔From the Bridge Guys website, (an image depicting an advertisement ) from page 52 of the July 1893 publication of the ''North American Review'' containing an illustration of the ''Kalamazoo Tray'' by Ihling Bros. & Everard and stating that it "...has done as much for Duplicate Whist as the invention of the telescope has done for astronomy."〕, and referred to as the ''Kalamazoo Tray'',〔(Kalamazoo Duplicate Whist Trays, 12-Tray Set )〕 a square tray, getting award winning recognition at the 1893 Chicago World Fair.〔 (Link )〕 The company's interests in duplicate whist trays were purchased by The Duplicate Whist Co. in 1899, which introduced a tray known as the ''Paine's Duplicate Whist Tray'' after its President, Cassius M. Paine; Paine used the U.S. Playing Card Co. of Cincinnati as his sole manufacturing and sales agent. Originally, trays were sold in sets of 8, 12, 16 and 20; subsequent to the introduction of the concept of vulnerability to contract bridge in 1926 and the adoption of boards for duplicate bridge, a set consists of 16 (or 32) boards owing to the 16 possible deal combinations arising from the four states of vulnerability〔Being: (1) Both North-South and East-West vulnerable, (2) North-South vulnerable and East-West not, (3) East-West vulnerable and North-South not and (4) neither side vulnerable.〕 for each of the four dealer positions. By the mid-1930s, thirty or forty different types were being sold. The first oblong boards were made of paper by William McKenney in 1928; the first metal boards were by F. Dudley Courtney in 1931. The most common modern boards are rectangular in shape and made of plastic〔In 1976, plastic boards were introduced at the American Contract Bridge League (ACBL) North American Bridge Championships (NABC). Plastic boards are now used exclusively by the ACBL and World Bridge Federation (WBF). Reference: 〕 replacing earlier models made of paper covered pasteboard, sheet metal, wood and more recently aluminum. Boards designed as foldable wallets, originally made of leather, primarily used in England, are now generally made of pliable plastic. While the concept for the contract bridge duplicate board evolved from the duplicate whist tray, 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Board (bridge)」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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